In PKP's nation-building, expanding access to education affected which outcomes?

• A. Expanded access to education fostered literacy, civic engagement, and social mobility.
• B. Education policy reduced literacy and excluded rural areas.
• C. Education policy had little effect on national identity.
• D. Education policy prioritized elite schools and widened inequality.

Answer: (B)

Expanding access to education in nation-building is meant to raise literacy and help unify a population around a common project, but the actual results depend on how evenly that reach is distributed. In PKP’s program, resources and reforms tended to concentrate in urban centers and among elite schools, leaving rural areas underserved. Without enough teachers, schools, or materials in the countryside, literacy improvements failed to spread nationwide, and rural communities were effectively left behind. That uneven implementation explains why the most accurate takeaway is that education policy reduced literacy gains and excluded rural areas. The other possibilities assume broad, uniform benefits or a minimal role for education in shaping national identity, or they emphasize elite bias more than rural neglect; the observed pattern in this context aligns best with widespread rural exclusion and limited literacy advancement.