Identify two major social groups that mobilized for independence in PKP history and explain their goals.

• A. Industrialists seeking export subsidies; religious leaders seeking a theocracy.
• B. Military officers seeking colonial governance; foreign investors seeking open borders.
• C. Peasantry seeking land reform; mass urban activists seeking political participation.
• D. Teachers seeking limited schooling; merchants seeking tariffs.

Answer: (C)

The main idea is that PKP history mobilized both rural and urban sectors to push for independence, showing how different social groups united under a common anti-colonial struggle. The peasantry rallied around land reform, seeking to redistribute land to tillers and end feudal-style labor relations, which would fundamentally change rural power and livelihoods. At the same time, mass urban activists—workers, students, and the urban poor—pushed for political participation, demanding broader democratic rights and representation in governance. Together, these two streams linked the drive for national independence with concrete social reforms, making land reform in the countryside and expanded political participation in the cities central goals of the movement.